On December 24, 2007, the Wall Street Journal posted an article of mine on its OpinionJournal web site. Following is an expanded version of that article with hyperlinks and references.

        In his new book, The Conscience of a Liberal, New York Times columnist Paul Krugman makes a strong case for his belief that the political success of the Republican Party and the conservative movement over the last 40 years resulted largely from their co-option of Southern racists that were the base of the Democratic Party until its embrace of civil rights in the 1960s. A key piece of evidence for Krugman is that Ronald Reagan gave his first speech after accepting the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 in Philadelphia, Mississippi, where three civil rights workers were murdered in 1964. In the course of this speech, Reagan said he supported “states’ rights.” Krugman says this was code declaring his secret sympathy for Southern racism.

            Others, including Krugman’s Times colleague David Brooks and Reagan biographer Lou Cannon, have come to Reagan’s defense, denying that he was a racist or had any racist intent in his 1980 speech. That’s fine but unlikely to change the minds of those like Krugman who are determined to smear the Republican Party with the charge of racism, and who are adept at finding racist code words like “law and order” by Republicans that are completely convincing to liberals and Democrats in support of this accusation, even though they are invisible to those with no political ax to grind.

            However, if a single mention of states’ rights 27 years ago is sufficient to damn the Republican Party for racism ever afterwards, what about the 200 year record of prominent Democrats who didn’t bother with code words? They were openly and explicitly for slavery before the Civil War, supported lynching and “Jim Crow” laws after the war, and regularly defended segregation and white supremacy throughout most of the 20^th century.

            Following are some quotes from prominent Democrats largely drawn from my new book, Wrong on Race: The Democratic Party’s Buried Past. Even with the exclusion of all those that contain the N-word, it is clear that many of the Democratic Party’s most important historical figures have long made statements that reduce Reagan’s alleged transgression to the equivalent of a drop in the ocean. If we are going to hold him and his party accountable for a single mention of states’ rights, then the party of those listed below is far more culpable in promoting and defending racism.

*     *     *

Blacks “are inferior to the whites in the endowments of both of body and mind.”

Thomas Jefferson, 1787

Co-founder of the Democratic Party (along with Andrew Jackson)

President of the United States, 1801-1809

 “I hold that the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding states between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good—a positive good.”

Senator John C. Calhoun, Democrat of South Carolina, 1837[i]

Vice President of the United States, 1825-1832

His statue stands in the U.S. Capitol.

If blacks were given the right to vote, that would “place every splay-footed, bandy-shanked, hump-backed, thick-lipped, flat-nosed, woolly-headed, ebon-colored Negro in the country upon an equality with the poor white man.”

Congressman Andrew Johnson, Democrat of Tennessee, 1844[ii]

President of the United States, 1865-1869

“Resolved, That the Democratic Party will resist all attempts at renewing, in Congress or out of it, the agitation of the slavery question, under whatever shape or color the attempt may be made.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1852

Blacks are “a subordinate and inferior class of beings who had been subjugated by the dominant race.”

Roger Taney, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, deciding the Dred Scott case, 1856

Appointed Attorney General by Andrew Jackson in 1831

Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by Andrew Jackson in 1833

Appointed to the Supreme Court by Andrew Jackson in 1836

“Resolved, That claiming fellowship with, and desiring the co-operation of all who regard the preservation of the Union under the Constitution as the paramount issue—and repudiating all sectional parties and platforms concerning domestic slavery, which seek to embroil the States and incite to treason and armed resistance to law in the Territories; and whose avowed purposes, if consummated, must end in civil war and disunion, the American Democracy recognize and adopt the principles contained in the organic laws establishing the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska as embodying the only sound and safe solution of the ‘slavery question’ upon which the great national idea of the people of this whole country can repose in its determined conservatism of the Union—NON-INTERFERENCE BY CONGRESS WITH SLAVERY IN STATE AND TERRITORY, OR IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.” (emphasis in original)

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1856

“I hold that a Negro is not and never ought to be a citizen of the United States. I hold that this government was made on the white basis; made by the white men, for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever, and should be administered by white men and none others.”

Senator Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat of Illinois, 1858

Presidential nominee of the Democratic Party, 1860

“Resolved, That the enactments of the State Legislatures to defeat the faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Law, are hostile in character, subversive of the Constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1860

“The Almighty has fixed the distinction of the races; the Almighty has made the black man inferior, and, sir, by no legislation, by no military power, can you wipe out this distinction.”

Congressman Fernando Wood, Democrat of New York, 1865[iii]

Mayor of New York City, 1855-1858, 1860-1862

“My fellow citizens, I have said that the contest before us was one for the restoration of our government; it is also one for the restoration of our race. It is to prevent the people of our race from being exiled from their homes—exiled from the government which they formed and created for themselves and for their children, and to prevent them from being driven out of the country or trodden under foot by an inferior and barbarous race.”

Francis P. Blair Jr., accepting the Democratic nomination for Vice President, 1868[iv]

Democratic Senator from Missouri, 1869-1872

His statue stands in the U.S. Capitol.

“Instead of restoring the Union, it [the Republican Party] has, so far as in its power, dissolved it, and subjected ten states, in time of profound peace, to military despotism and Negro supremacy.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1868

“While the tendency of the white race is upward, the tendency of the colored race is downward.”

Senator Thomas Hendricks, Democrat of Indiana, 1869[v]

Democratic nominee for Vice President, 1876

Vice President of the United States, 1885

“We, the delegates of the Democratic party of the United States…demand such modification of the treaty with the Chinese Empire, or such legislation within constitutional limitations, as shall prevent further importation or immigration of the Mongolian race.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1876

“No more Chinese immigration, except for travel, education, and foreign commerce, and that even carefully guarded.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1880

“American civilization demands that against the immigration or importation of Mongolians to these shores our gates be closed.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1884

“We favor the continuance and strict enforcement of the Chinese exclusion law, and its application to the same classes of all Asiatic races.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1900

“The repeal of the fifteenth amendment, one of the greatest blunders and therefore one of the greatest crimes in political history, is a consummation to be devoutly wished for.”

Congressman John Sharpe Williams, Democrat of Mississippi, 1903[vi]

House Minority Leader, 1903-1908

 “Republicanism means Negro equality, while the Democratic Party means that the white man is supreme. That is why we Southerners are all Democrats.”

Senator Ben Tillman, Democrat of South Carolina, 1906[vii]

Chairman, Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, 1913-1919

“We are opposed to the admission of Asiatic immigrants who can not be amalgamated with our population, or whose presence among us would raise a race issue and involve us in diplomatic controversies with Oriental powers.”

Platform of the Democratic Party, 1908

“I am opposed to the practice of having colored policemen in the District [of Columbia]. It is a source of danger by constantly engendering racial friction, and is offensive to thousands of Southern white people who make their homes here.”

Senator Hoke Smith, Democrat of Georgia, 1912[viii]

Appointed Secretary of the Interior by Grover Cleveland in 1893

“The South is serious with regard to its attitude to the Negro in politics.  The South understands this subject, and its policy is unalterable and uncompromising.  We desire no concessions.  We seek no sops.  We grasp no shadows on this subject.  We take no risks.  We abhor a Northern policy of catering to the Negro in politics just as we abhor a Northern policy of social equality.”

Josephus Daniels, editor, Raleigh News & Observer, 1912[ix]

Appointed Secretary of the Navy by Woodrow Wilson in 1913.

Appointed U.S. Ambassador to Mexico by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933.

USS Josephus Daniels named for him by the Johnson Administration in 1965.

“The Negro as a race, in all the ages of the world, has never shown sustained power of self-development.  He is not endowed with the creative faculty…. He has never created for himself any civilization… He has never had any civilization except that which has been inculcated by a superior race.  And it is a lamentable fact that his civilization lasts only so long as he is in the hands of the white man who inculcates it.  When left to himself he has universally gone back to the barbarism of the jungle.”

Senator James Vardaman, Democrat of Mississippi, 1914.[x]

Chairman, Senate Committee on Natural Resources, 1913-1919

“This is a white man’s country, and will always remain a white man’s country.”

Congressman James F. Byrnes, Democrat of South Carolina, 1919[xi]

Appointed to the Supreme Court by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941

Appointed Secretary of State by Harry Truman in 1945

“Slavery among the whites was an improvement over independence in Africa. The very progress that the blacks have made, when—and only when—brought into contact with the whites, ought to be a sufficient argument in support of white supremacy—it ought to be sufficient to convince even the blacks themselves.”

William Jennings Bryan, 1923[xii]

Presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in 1896, 1900 and 1908

Appointed Secretary of State by Woodrow Wilson in 1913.

His statue stands in the U.S. Capitol.

“Anyone who has traveled to the Far East knows that the mingling of Asiatic blood with European or American blood produces, in nine cases out of ten, the most unfortunate results…. The argument works both ways.  I know a great many cultivated, highly educated and delightful Japanese.  They have all told me that they would feel the same repugnance and objection to have thousands of Americans settle in Japan and intermarry with the Japanese as I would feel in having large numbers of Japanese coming over here and intermarry with the American population. In this question, then, of Japanese exclusion from the United States it is necessary only to advance the true reason—the undesirability of mixing the blood of the two peoples…. The Japanese people and the American people are both opposed to intermarriage of the two races—there can be no quarrel there.”

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1925[xiii]

President of the United States, 1933-1945

“This passport which you have given me is a symbol to me of the passport which you have given me before.  I do not feel that it would be out of place to state to you here on this occasion that I know that without the support of the members of this organization I would not have been called, even by my enemies, the ‘Junior Senator from Alabama.’”

Hugo Black, accepting a life membership in the Ku Klux Klan upon his election to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat from Alabama, 1926[xiv]

Appointed to the Supreme Court by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937.

“Mr. President, the crime of lynching…is not of sufficient importance to justify this legislation.”

Senator Claude Pepper, Democrat of Florida, 1938[xv]

Spoken while engaged in a 6-hour speech against the anti-lynching bill.

“I am a former Kleagle [recruiter] of the Ku Klux Klan in Raleigh County…. The Klan is needed today as never before and I am anxious to see its rebirth here in West Virginia. It is necessary that the order be promoted immediately and in every state in the union.”

Robert C. Byrd, 1946[xvi]

Democratic Senator from West Virginia, 1959-present

Senate Majority Leader, 1977-1980 and 1987-1988

His portrait stands in the U.S. Capitol.

President Truman’s civil rights program “is a farce and a sham—an effort to set up a police state in the guise of liberty. I am opposed to that program. I have voted against the so-called poll tax repeal bill…. I have voted against the so-called anti-lynching bill.”

Congressman Lyndon Baines Johnson, Democrat of Texas, 1948[xvii]

“There is no warrant for the curious notion that Christianity favors the involuntary commingling of the races in social institutions. Although He knew both Jews and Samaritans and the relations existing between them, Christ did not advocate that courts or legislative bodies should compel them to mix socially against their will.”

Senator Sam Ervin, Democrat of North Carolina, 1955[xviii]

Chairman, Senate Committee on Government Operations, 1971-1975

“The decline and fall of the Roman empire came after years of intermarriage with other races. Spain was toppled as a world power as a result of the amalgamation of the races…. Certainly history shows that nations composed of a mongrel race lose their strength and become weak, lazy and indifferent.”

Herman E. Talmadge, 1955[xix]

Democratic Senator from Georgia, 1957-1981

Chairman, Senate Committee on Agriculture, 1971-1981

“These Negroes, they’re getting pretty uppity these days and that’s a problem for us since they’ve got something now they never had before, the political pull to back up their uppityness.  Now we’ve got to do something about this, we’ve got to give them a little something, just enough to quiet them down, not enough to make a difference.  For if we don’t move at all, then their allies will line up against us and there’ll be no way of stopping them, we’ll lose the filibuster and there’ll be no way of putting a brake on all sorts of wild legislation.  It’ll be Reconstruction all over again.”

Senator Lyndon Baines Johnson, Democrat of Texas, 1957[xx]

Senate Majority Leader, 1955-1961

President of the United States, 1963-1969

“I have never seen very many white people who felt they were being imposed upon or being subjected to any second-class citizenship if they were directed to a waiting room or to any other public facility to wait or to eat with other white people.  Only the Negroes, of all the races which are in this land, publicly proclaim they are being mistreated, imposed upon, and declared second-class citizens because they must go to public facilities with members of their own race.”

Senator Richard B. Russell Jr., Democrat of Georgia, 1961[xxi]

The Russell Senate Office Building is named for him.

“I did not lie awake at night worrying about the problems of Negroes.”

Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, 1961[xxii]

Kennedy later authorized wiretapping the phones and bugging the hotel rooms of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

“I’m not going to use the federal government’s authority deliberately to circumvent the natural inclination of people to live in ethnically homogeneous neighborhoods…. I have nothing against a community that’s made up of people who are Polish or Czechoslovakian or French-Canadian or blacks who are trying to maintain the ethnic purity of their neighborhoods.”

Jimmy Carter, 1976[xxiii]

President of the United States, 1977-1981

Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, 2002

“Weekend passes for convicted criminals.”

Senator Albert Gore Jr., Democrat of Tennessee, 1988[xxiv]

Vice President of the United States, 1993-2001

Presidential nominee of the Democratic Party, 2000

Co-Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, 2007

First public reference to Willie Horton in a political context.

Memo:

“We don’t want a bunch of Willie Hortons sent down to our state.”

Senator Ernest F. Hollings, Democrat of South Carolina, 1989[xxv]

“Gore introduced him into the lexicon…. I wouldn’t have used Willie Horton.”

Former Senator Bill Bradley, Democrat of New Jersey, 2000

“I would never accuse Gore of being racist, but his reference to furloughs was certainly the first shot of the Willie Horton issue. Everyone understood Willie Horton to be the furlough issue.”

Susan Estrich, 2000[xxvi]

Michael Dukakis’s campaign manager in 1988

“The Confederate Memorial has had a special place in my life for many years…. There were many, many times that I found myself drawn to this deeply inspiring memorial, to contemplate the sacrifices of others, several of whom were my ancestors, whose enormous suffering and collective gallantry are to this day still misunderstood by most Americans.”

James Webb, 1990

Now a Democratic Senator from Virginia.

“Everybody likes to go to Geneva [Switzerland]. I used to do it for the Law of the Sea conferences and you’d find these potentates from down in Africa, you know, rather than eating each other, they’d just come up and get a good square meal in Geneva.”

Senator Ernest F. Hollings, Democrat of South Carolina, 1993[xxvii]

Chairman, Senate Commerce Committee, 1987-1995 and 2001-2003

Candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, 1984.

 “I do not think it is an exaggeration at all to say to my friend from West Virginia [Senator Robert C. Byrd, an admitted former member of the Ku Klux Klan] that he would have been a great senator at any moment…. He would have been right during the great conflict of civil war in this nation.”

Senator Christopher Dodd, Democrat of Connecticut, 2004[xxviii]

Chairman, Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs

Candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, 2008.

1. “You cannot go into a Dunkin’ Donuts or a 7-Eleven unless you have a slight Indian accent.”

2. “My state was a slave state. My state is a border state. My state has the eighth largest black population in the country. My state is anything [but] a Northeastern liberal state.”

3. “I mean, you got the first mainstream African American [Barack Obama] who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice looking guy.”

4. “There’s less than one percent of the population of Iowa that is African American. There is probably less than four or five percent that is, are minorities. What is it in Washington? So look, it goes back to what you start off with, what you’re dealing with.”

Senator Joseph Biden Jr., Democrat of Delaware, 2006-2007

Chairman, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

Candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, 2008.

Bonus quote:

“The Republican Party committed a great public crime when it gave the right of suffrage to the blacks.”

Editorial, “The Political Future of the South,” New York Times (May 10, 1900)